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ORPHA:99745

Typhoid

low confidenceDisorder

Also known as: Typhoid fever · Typhoidal salmonellosis

Publications

83,991

Trials

59

Interventional, condition-specific

Researchers

1,135

Distinct authors in sample

Gene link

—

Readiness

3/6

Stages with a signal

Clinical definition (Orphanet)

Typhoid or typhoid fever is a reportable, fecal-oral, potentially fatal infectious disease, caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi and characterized by a non-focal fever.

How rare: How common this is has not been clearly measured.

Orphanet entry

Cross-references

Joined from Mondo / Orphanet. MeSH labels may enter searches; UMLS / OMIM / NCIT are stored for reference.

Additional Mondo synonyms (3)

typhoid · typhoid fever · typhoidal salmonellosis

Research stages

Trial readiness signals

Where this condition sits on an open-data research pipeline — not how close a treatment is, and not medical advice. Empty stages often mean “not in these databases under this Mondo ID,” not “impossible.”

3/6 stages with a signal

An interventional trial matched this condition name on ClinicalTrials.gov — see trials below.

  1. Gene identifiedNot found

    No GenCC disease–gene assertion in this build

  2. LiteraturePresent

    83,991 matched papers (16,959 in last 10 years) Source

  3. Phenotype characterisedPresent

    33 HPO annotations (e.g. Decreased total leukocyte count; Constipation; Headache) Source

  4. Animal modelNot found

    No Alliance genotype “model of” associations via Monarch for these Mondo IDs

  5. Orphan designationNot found

    No FDA or EMA orphan-drug designation matched this disease via UMLS or preferred name Source

  6. Interventional trialPresent

    59 matched on ClinicalTrials.gov (4 recruiting in sample)

Biology

Genes and phenotypes

Gene–disease validity from GenCC, plus phenotypes and animal models joined from Monarch Initiative via Mondo ID — not a clinical diagnosis aid.

Do we know what causes it?

Not yet — the cause hasn't been pinned down in GenCC.

No strong gene–disease assertion joined for this Orphanet entity.

Phenotypes (Monarch / HPO)

33

Associated phenotypes · MONDO:0005619

  • Decreased total leukocyte count
  • Constipation
  • Headache
  • Skin rash
  • Splenomegaly

Showing 5 of 33 — open Monarch for the full list.

Animal models (Monarch / Alliance)

None returned for this Mondo ID. Empty here is not proof that no model organism work exists under another name or gene.

Monarch fetch 2026-07-29

Therapies

Designations, candidates, and chemicals

FDA OOPD and EMA orphan designations, Open Targets clinical candidates, and CTD chemical associations via MyDisease.info. These never change the interventional-trial headline.

Orphan designation (FDA · EMA)

No designation matched this disease via UMLS or preferred name on the FDA OOPD mirror or EMA orphan register. Absence here is not proof that none exists under another wording.

Open Targets candidates

9

Drugs / clinical candidates · MONDO_0005619

CTD chemicals (MyDisease.info)

2 associated chemicals · 37 pathways. Therapeutic evidence is listed first when present — not a treatment recommendation.

  • Chloramphenicol · therapeutic
  • Ciprofloxacin · therapeutic

Pathways: Phagosome; Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs); Antigen processing and presentation; Hematopoietic cell lineage; Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation; Th17 cell differentiation; Intestinal immune network for IgA production; Type I diabetes mellitus

MyDisease.info · MONDO:0005619

Literature

Is anyone studying this?

83,991

83,991 papers — among the better-studied rare conditions, though still a fraction of common-disease literature (breast cancer: over 700,000). Median papers in the last 10 years for a rare disease in this dataset (publications denominator n=3967) is 59.

83,991 papers since the earliest indexed year in this search — median last-10-year count for a rare disease in this dataset is 59 (publications denominator n=3967).

16,959 in the last 10 years · low confidence

Phrase hits: 83,991 · MeSH hits: 874

Open Europe PMC search

Who's working on it?

1,135

Distinct author names in 200 sampled papers — named people below.

Who's working on it?

People publishing on this condition (sampled Europe PMC records). Affiliation is the most recent found in that sample.

  1. 01
    Pollard AJ10 papers · 2026

    University of Oxford Oxford Vaccine Group, Oxford, England, UK.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  2. 02
    Garrett DO8 papers · 2026

    Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  3. 03
    John J8 papers · 2026

    Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  4. 04
    Khanam F8 papers · 2026

    International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  5. 05
    Liu X8 papers · 2026

    University of Oxford Oxford Vaccine Group, Oxford, England, UK.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  6. 06
    Qadri F8 papers · 2026

    International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  7. 07
    Andrews JR7 papers · 2026

    Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  8. 08
    Crump JA7 papers · 2026

    University of Otago. Centre for International Health., Dunedin, New Zealand.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  9. 09
    Doyle K7 papers · 2026

    Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  10. 10
    Tamrakar D7 papers · 2026

    Center for Infectious Disease Research and Surveillance, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal.

    Papers in Europe PMC

Clinical research

Is a treatment being tested?

59

interventional trials for this specific condition

59 interventional trials matched this specific condition name; 4 currently recruiting in our sample.

Data as of 11 September 2026

59 interventional trials — more than 77.2% of diseases in the trials denominator have none at all (5501 of 7126; this disease is at the 97.5th percentile).

low confidence · 97.5th percentile (trials denominator)

Recruiting interventional trials

From the matched ClinicalTrials.gov set

59 interventional trials matched after quoted-phrase search and title/condition post-filter.

Observational and natural-history studies

14 observational studies match this condition. These do not test a treatment and are not counted in the interventional-trial headline, but they are genuine research: natural-history work often defines the endpoints needed for a future rare-disease trial, and families may be able to enroll.

Recruiting or not-yet-recruiting

Open the complete matched search on ClinicalTrials.gov

Other registries (secondary)

Broader net from EU CTIS, ISRCTN, and ICTRP when available — deduped against ClinicalTrials.gov IDs already counted above. Dual-model LLM relevance gates what we keep. These rows are not added to the interventional headline.

raw 41 · after dedupe 41 · already on CT.gov 0 · kept 0 · parent 0 · uncertain 41 · dropped 0 · fetched 2026-07-30

Source notes: ictrp: Error: ICTRP public search unavailable (WHO portal is SPA-only; SOAP needs partnership). Tried: https://apps.who.int/tri

No secondary-registry studies passed dual-model relevance for this condition name (after dedupe).

Uncertain / not reviewed (41)

Where to find support

Condition-specific patient organisations, when Orphanet lists them, are on the disease’s Orphanet page. We also link umbrella groups that support undiagnosed and ultra-rare families.

Orphanet entry for Typhoid — check Associations / patient organisations on that page.

India — NPRD

Last verified 2026-07-26

This ORPHAcode is not on our curated NPRD list (direct or Mondo-parent match). That does not decide clinical eligibility; families in India should ask a notified Centre of Excellence about current coverage.

Hand-curated for this project. ORPHAcode mappings are best-effort and may be incomplete or imprecise for umbrella categories. Parent (Mondo) matches mean the policy lists a broader category — confirm eligibility with a Centre of Excellence. Financial entitlements summarised from public policy statements and may change. This is not official government guidance.

How we counted this

Europe PMC query (preferred label + any corrected label + Orphanet and Mondo exact synonyms, stoplisted; unioned with resolved MeSH labels when available). UMLS / OMIM / NCIT cross-references are stored on the overview but are not added to the query string.

"Typhoid" OR "Typhoid fever" OR "Typhoidal salmonellosis"

Run this search on Europe PMC

MeSH descriptor terms unioned into the query: Typhoid Fever

ClinicalTrials.gov query (quoted phrases + MeSH via query.cond, plus recall-expansion terms when used):

"Typhoid" OR "Typhoid fever" OR "Typhoidal salmonellosis"

Interventional trials matched via: both, phrase (mesh = registered under a MeSH descriptor no name phrase would catch; recall-expansion = gene / selected parent terms used only for trials).

Study-type breakdown: 59 interventional · 14 observational · 0 expanded access. Only interventional studies enter the trial headline.

Query health: ok — strategies attempted: phrase, mesh; with hits: phrase, mesh

Run this search on ClinicalTrials.gov

Confidence reasoning

  • Preferred label is short or not clearly distinctive
  • No synonyms dropped by stoplist
  • No label/synonym collisions with other diseases in this corpus
  • Publication count (83991) is extremely high with unknown/missing prevalence — treat as possible over-matching, not proven research intensity

Ingested 2026-07-27T06:15:10.661Z