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ORPHA:180234

Mixed germ cell tumor

low confidenceDisorder

Publications

1,997

Trials

10

Interventional, condition-specific

Researchers

1,252

Distinct authors in sample

Gene link

—

Readiness

3/6

Stages with a signal

Clinical definition (Orphanet)

A rare germ cell tumor characterized by composition of two or more malignant germ cell components, the most common combination being dysgerminoma and yolk sac tumor. The tumors typically occur between childhood and young adulthood. They are usually located in the gonads, occasionally also in other regions. Clinical presentation corresponds to the individual germ cell components and the tumor location; manifestations may include abdominal pain, abdominal mass, and menstrual disorder in females, and a testicular mass in males. The most important prognostic factor is tumor stage.

How rare: <1 / 1 000 000 — fewer than one in a million. In a city the size of Kolkata, that might mean on the order of fifteen people.

Orphanet entry

Cross-references

Joined from Mondo / Orphanet. MeSH labels may enter searches; UMLS / OMIM / NCIT are stored for reference.

Additional Mondo synonyms (6)

combined germ cell neoplasm · combined germ cell tumor · combined germ cell tumour · mixed germ cell cancer · mixed germ cell neoplasm · mixed germ cell tumor

Research stages

Trial readiness signals

Where this condition sits on an open-data research pipeline — not how close a treatment is, and not medical advice. Empty stages often mean “not in these databases under this Mondo ID,” not “impossible.”

3/6 stages with a signal

An interventional trial matched this condition name on ClinicalTrials.gov — see trials below.

  1. Gene identifiedNot found

    No GenCC disease–gene assertion in this build

  2. LiteraturePresent

    1,997 matched papers (1,132 in last 10 years) Source

  3. Phenotype characterisedNot found

    No HPO disease–phenotype associations via Monarch for these Mondo IDs

  4. Animal modelPresent

    1 genotype model (Rattus norvegicus) Source

  5. Orphan designationNot found

    No FDA or EMA orphan-drug designation matched this disease via UMLS or preferred name Source

  6. Interventional trialPresent

    10 matched on ClinicalTrials.gov (1 recruiting in sample)

Biology

Genes and phenotypes

Gene–disease validity from GenCC, plus phenotypes and animal models joined from Monarch Initiative via Mondo ID — not a clinical diagnosis aid.

Do we know what causes it?

Not yet — the cause hasn't been pinned down in GenCC.

No strong gene–disease assertion joined for this Orphanet entity.

Phenotypes (Monarch / HPO)

None returned for this Mondo ID. That often means “not linked under this ID,” not “no clinical features.”

Animal models (Monarch / Alliance)

1

Model associations linked to this Mondo ID

Monarch fetch 2026-07-29

Therapies

Designations, candidates, and chemicals

FDA OOPD and EMA orphan designations, Open Targets clinical candidates, and CTD chemical associations via MyDisease.info. These never change the interventional-trial headline.

Orphan designation (FDA · EMA)

No designation matched this disease via UMLS or preferred name on the FDA OOPD mirror or EMA orphan register. Absence here is not proof that none exists under another wording.

Open Targets candidates

No drugs or clinical candidates returned for this Mondo ID on Open Targets.

CTD chemicals (MyDisease.info)

No CTD chemical associations returned for this Mondo ID.

Literature

Is anyone studying this?

1,997

1,997 papers have been published on this condition. That is a real research literature — still far smaller than common diseases (breast cancer: over 700,000 papers). Median papers in the last 10 years for a rare disease in this dataset (publications denominator n=3967) is 59.

1,997 papers since the earliest indexed year in this search — median last-10-year count for a rare disease in this dataset is 59 (publications denominator n=3967).

1,132 in the last 10 years · low confidence

Phrase hits: 1,997 · MeSH hits: 0

Open Europe PMC search

Who's working on it?

1,252

Distinct author names in 200 sampled papers — named people below.

Who's working on it?

People publishing on this condition (sampled Europe PMC records). Affiliation is the most recent found in that sample.

  1. 01
    Yang J9 papers · 2026

    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing 100730, China.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  2. 02
    Zhang X7 papers · 2025

    Department of Cardiac and Macrovascular Surgery Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University Suzhou China.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  3. 03
    Li J4 papers · 2026

    Department of Pathology, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  4. 04
    Li S3 papers · 2025

    Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  5. 05
    Li X3 papers · 2025

    Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  6. 06
    Li Y3 papers · 2025

    Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  7. 07
    Liu X3 papers · 2026

    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  8. 08
    Wang C3 papers · 2026

    Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  9. 09
    Wang J3 papers · 2026

    Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  10. 10
    Ali S2 papers · 2026

    Department of Surgery, Bahria International Hospital Orchard, Lahore, PAK.

    Papers in Europe PMC

Clinical research

Is a treatment being tested?

10

interventional trials for this specific condition

10 interventional trials matched this specific condition name; 1 currently recruiting in our sample.

Data as of 11 September 2026

10 interventional trials — more than 77.2% of diseases in the trials denominator have none at all (5501 of 7126; this disease is at the 92.5th percentile).

low confidence · 92.5th percentile (trials denominator)

Recruiting interventional trials

From the matched ClinicalTrials.gov set

10 interventional trials matched after quoted-phrase search and title/condition post-filter.

Observational and natural-history studies

3 observational studies match this condition. These do not test a treatment and are not counted in the interventional-trial headline, but they are genuine research: natural-history work often defines the endpoints needed for a future rare-disease trial, and families may be able to enroll.

Recruiting or not-yet-recruiting

Open the complete matched search on ClinicalTrials.gov

Other registries (secondary)

Broader net from EU CTIS, ISRCTN, and ICTRP when available — deduped against ClinicalTrials.gov IDs already counted above. Dual-model LLM relevance gates what we keep. These rows are not added to the interventional headline.

raw 1 · after dedupe 1 · already on CT.gov 0 · kept 0 · parent 0 · uncertain 1 · dropped 0 · fetched 2026-07-30

Source notes: ictrp: Error: ICTRP public search unavailable (WHO portal is SPA-only; SOAP needs partnership). Tried: https://apps.who.int/tri

No secondary-registry studies passed dual-model relevance for this condition name (after dedupe).

Uncertain / not reviewed (1)

Where to find support

Condition-specific patient organisations, when Orphanet lists them, are on the disease’s Orphanet page. We also link umbrella groups that support undiagnosed and ultra-rare families.

Orphanet entry for Mixed germ cell tumor — check Associations / patient organisations on that page.

India — NPRD

Last verified 2026-07-26

This ORPHAcode is not on our curated NPRD list (direct or Mondo-parent match). That does not decide clinical eligibility; families in India should ask a notified Centre of Excellence about current coverage.

Hand-curated for this project. ORPHAcode mappings are best-effort and may be incomplete or imprecise for umbrella categories. Parent (Mondo) matches mean the policy lists a broader category — confirm eligibility with a Centre of Excellence. Financial entitlements summarised from public policy statements and may change. This is not official government guidance.

How we counted this

Europe PMC query (preferred label + any corrected label + Orphanet and Mondo exact synonyms, stoplisted; unioned with resolved MeSH labels when available). UMLS / OMIM / NCIT cross-references are stored on the overview but are not added to the query string.

"Mixed germ cell tumor" OR "combined germ cell neoplasm" OR "combined germ cell tumor" OR "combined germ cell tumour" OR "mixed germ cell cancer" OR "mixed germ cell neoplasm"

Run this search on Europe PMC

ClinicalTrials.gov query (quoted phrases + MeSH via query.cond, plus recall-expansion terms when used):

"Mixed germ cell tumor" OR "combined germ cell neoplasm" OR "combined germ cell tumor" OR "combined germ cell tumour" OR "mixed germ cell cancer" OR "mixed germ cell neoplasm"

Interventional trials matched via: phrase (mesh = registered under a MeSH descriptor no name phrase would catch; recall-expansion = gene / selected parent terms used only for trials).

Study-type breakdown: 10 interventional · 3 observational · 0 expanded access. Only interventional studies enter the trial headline.

Query health: ok — strategies attempted: phrase; with hits: phrase

Run this search on ClinicalTrials.gov

Confidence reasoning

  • Preferred label is multi-word and distinctive
  • No synonyms dropped by stoplist
  • No label/synonym collisions with other diseases in this corpus
  • Publication count (1997) is implausibly high for prevalence class "<1 / 1 000 000" — treat as possible over-matching, not a measure of research intensity

Ingested 2026-07-27T09:02:46.438Z