ORPHA:134
Beta-ketothiolase deficiency
Also known as: 3-ketothiolase deficiency · 3-oxothiolase deficiency · Alpha methylacetoacetic aciduria · Alpha-methyl-acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency · Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency · T2 deficiency
Query health: suspect — Only one of 2 strategies returned hits (phrase).
Publications
365
78.2th percentile
Trials
0
Interventional, condition-specific
Researchers
1,274
Distinct authors in sample
Gene link
ACAT1
Definitive
Readiness
2/6
Stages with a signal
Clinical definition (Orphanet)
A rare, genetic organic aciduria affecting ketone body metabolism and the catabolism of isoleucine and characterized by intermittent ketoacidotic episodes associated with vomiting, dyspnea, tachypnoea, , lethargy and coma, with an onset during infancy and usually ceasing by adolescence.
How rare: How common this is has not been clearly measured.
Cross-references
Joined from Mondo / Orphanet. MeSH labels may enter searches; UMLS / OMIM / NCIT are stored for reference.
- MONDO:0008760
- MeSH:C535434
- OMIM:203750
- UMLS:C1536500
- NCIT:C98841
Additional Mondo synonyms (4)
BKT · beta-ketothiolase deficiency · mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency · mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency
Research stages
Trial readiness signals
Where this condition sits on an open-data research pipeline — not how close a treatment is, and not medical advice. Empty stages often mean “not in these databases under this Mondo ID,” not “impossible.”
2/6 stages with a signal
No matched interventional trial; the gene is known and literature exists — preclinical or natural-history work may still be the practical next step.
- Gene identifiedPresent
Definitive — ACAT1
- LiteraturePresent
365 matched papers (194 in last 10 years) Source
- Phenotype characterisedNot checked
Not yet enriched from Monarch / HPO
- Animal modelNot checked
Not yet enriched from Monarch / Alliance
- Orphan designationNot checked
FDA/EMA orphan-drug designation not enriched yet
- Interventional trialNot found
No matched interventional trial under our ClinicalTrials.gov rules
Biology
Genes and phenotypes
Gene–disease validity from GenCC, plus phenotypes and animal models joined from Monarch Initiative via Mondo ID — not a clinical diagnosis aid.
Do we know what causes it?
Yes — we know a specific gene responsible (ACAT1).
GenCC classification: Definitive.
Phenotypes (Monarch / HPO)
Not enriched in this build — Monarch phenotype joins were not run for this record.
Animal models (Monarch / Alliance)
Not enriched in this build.
Literature
Is anyone studying this?
365
365 papers have ever been published on this condition (under this name). For scale, breast cancer has over 700,000. Median papers in the last 10 years for a rare disease in this dataset (publications denominator n=5449) is 41.
365 papers since the earliest indexed year in this search — median last-10-year count for a rare disease in this dataset is 41 (publications denominator n=5449).
194 in the last 10 years · medium confidence · 78.2th percentile (publications denominator)
Phrase hits: 365 · MeSH hits: 0
Who's working on it?
1,274
Distinct author names in 200 sampled papers — named people below.
Who's working on it?
No interventional trial matched this name; these authors publish on it in the sampled literature — a practical starting point for contact.
- 01Fukao T28 papers · 2020
Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan.
Papers in Europe PMC - 02Aoyama Y10 papers · 2025
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Education and Training Center of Medical Technology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
Papers in Europe PMC - 03Sasai H10 papers · 2025
Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
Papers in Europe PMC - 04Yamaguchi S10 papers · 2019
Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan.
Papers in Europe PMC - 05Abdelkreem E9 papers · 2025
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt.
Papers in Europe PMC - 06Kondo N8 papers · 2013Papers in Europe PMC
- 07Orii T7 papers · 1998Papers in Europe PMC
- 08Hashimoto T5 papers · 1998Papers in Europe PMC
- 09Huang X5 papers · 2024
Technical Support Center, Zhejiang Biosan Biochemical Technologies Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China.
Papers in Europe PMC - 10Nakama M5 papers · 2025
Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
Papers in Europe PMC
Clinical research
Is a treatment being tested?
0
interventional trials for this specific condition
No interventional trial testing a treatment matched this specific condition name. 3 observational studies did — shown below because natural-history and cohort work can be an important step toward a trial.
Data as of 27 July 2026
No matched interventional trials. This is true for 73% of diseases in the trials denominator (5114 of 7003). Here are the researchers publishing on it.
medium confidence · 36.5th percentile (trials denominator)
Recruiting interventional trials
From the matched ClinicalTrials.gov set
No interventional trial testing a treatment was found for this specific condition name on ClinicalTrials.gov.
See who's working on it — people publishing on this disease are often the practical next contact when no trial is listed.
Observational and natural-history studies
3 observational studies match this condition. These do not test a treatment and are not counted in the interventional-trial headline, but they are genuine research: natural-history work often defines the endpoints needed for a future rare-disease trial, and families may be able to enroll.
None of the matched observational studies is currently listed as recruiting.
Where to find support
We do not yet link condition-specific patient organisations. These umbrella groups support undiagnosed and ultra-rare families:
India — NPRD
Last verified 2026-07-26Likely covered — the policy lists Organic acidemia as a category (Group 1), and this condition is a form of it. Confirm eligibility with a Centre of Excellence.
Group 1 — one-time curative treatment
Up to ₹50 lakh per patient
Financial support for treatment at notified Centres of Excellence (figures evolved from the original ₹20 lakh Group-1 ceiling).
Policy figures change. Verify current MoHFW / CoE guidance before relying on any amount. Verify
Centres of Excellence (15)
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) — New Delhi, Delhi
- Maulana Azad Medical College — New Delhi, Delhi
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences — Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) — Chandigarh, Chandigarh
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics with Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences — Hyderabad, Telangana
- King Edward Memorial Hospital — Mumbai, Maharashtra
- Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGMER) — Kolkata, West Bengal
- Centre for Human Genetics with Indira Gandhi Hospital — Bengaluru, Karnataka
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children (ICH & HC) — Chennai, Tamil Nadu
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) — Jodhpur, Rajasthan
- Sree Avittam Thirunal Hospital (SAT), Government Medical College — Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) — Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
- Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) — Imphal, Manipur
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) — Patna, Bihar
- Assam Medical College & Hospital — Dibrugarh, Assam
Voluntary contributions / crowdfunding (separate from CoE funding): https://rarediseases.mohfw.gov.in/
Hand-curated for this project. ORPHAcode mappings are best-effort and may be incomplete or imprecise for umbrella categories. Parent (Mondo) matches mean the policy lists a broader category — confirm eligibility with a Centre of Excellence. Financial entitlements summarised from public policy statements and may change. This is not official government guidance.
How we counted this
Europe PMC query (preferred label + any corrected label + Orphanet and Mondo exact synonyms, stoplisted; unioned with resolved MeSH labels when available). UMLS / OMIM / NCIT cross-references are stored on the overview but are not added to the query string.
"Beta-ketothiolase deficiency" OR "3-ketothiolase deficiency" OR "3-oxothiolase deficiency" OR "Alpha methylacetoacetic aciduria" OR "Alpha-methyl-acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency" OR "Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency" OR "T2 deficiency" OR "mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency"
ClinicalTrials.gov query (quoted phrases + MeSH via query.cond, plus recall-expansion terms when used):
"Beta-ketothiolase deficiency" OR "3-ketothiolase deficiency" OR "3-oxothiolase deficiency" OR "Alpha methylacetoacetic aciduria" OR "Alpha-methyl-acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency" OR "Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency" OR "T2 deficiency" OR "mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency" OR "ACAT1"
Recall-expansion terms: ACAT1
Study-type breakdown: 0 interventional · 3 observational · 0 expanded access. Only interventional studies enter the trial headline.
Query health: suspect — strategies attempted: phrase, recall-expansion; with hits: phrase
Run this search on ClinicalTrials.gov
Synonyms dropped by stoplist: BKT
Confidence reasoning
- Preferred label is multi-word and distinctive
- 1 synonym(s) dropped by stoplist (may under-count)
- No label/synonym collisions with other diseases in this corpus
Ingested 2026-07-26T12:34:20.610Z