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ORPHA:100008

ACys amyloidosis

low confidenceSubtype of disorder

Also known as: CST3-related amyloidosis · Cystatin amyloidosis · HCHWA, Icelandic type · Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Icelandic type · Hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy

Publications

9,607

Trials

1

Interventional, condition-specific

Researchers

1,165

Distinct authors in sample

Gene link

CST3

Strong

Readiness

4/6

Stages with a signal

Clinical definition (Orphanet)

A form of cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis characterized by an age of onset of 20-30 years, major systemic amyloidosis and recurrent lobar intracerebral hemorrhages. Unlike other forms of cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, this subtype is due to a mutation in the CST3 gene (20p11.2), encoding the precursor protein cystatin C.

How rare: <1 / 1 000 000 — fewer than one in a million. In a city the size of Kolkata, that might mean on the order of fifteen people.

Orphanet entry

Cross-references

Joined from Mondo / Orphanet. MeSH labels may enter searches; UMLS / OMIM / NCIT are stored for reference.

Additional Mondo synonyms (8)

amyloidosis, Cerebroarterial, Icelandic type · cerebral hemorrhage, hereditary, with amyloidosis · cystatin amyloidosis · hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis · hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis, Icelandic type · hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis · hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Icelandic type · hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy

Research stages

Trial readiness signals

Where this condition sits on an open-data research pipeline — not how close a treatment is, and not medical advice. Empty stages often mean “not in these databases under this Mondo ID,” not “impossible.”

4/6 stages with a signal

An interventional trial matched this condition name on ClinicalTrials.gov — see trials below.

  1. Gene identifiedPresent

    Strong — CST3

  2. LiteraturePresent

    9,607 matched papers (5,744 in last 10 years) Source

  3. Phenotype characterisedPresent

    9 HPO annotations (e.g. Cerebral hemorrhage; Stroke; Amyloid deposition) Source

  4. Animal modelNot found

    No Alliance genotype “model of” associations via Monarch for these Mondo IDs

  5. Orphan designationNot found

    No FDA or EMA orphan-drug designation matched this disease via UMLS or preferred name Source

  6. Interventional trialPresent

    1 matched on ClinicalTrials.gov

Biology

Genes and phenotypes

Gene–disease validity from GenCC, plus phenotypes and animal models joined from Monarch Initiative via Mondo ID — not a clinical diagnosis aid.

Do we know what causes it?

Yes — we know a specific gene responsible (CST3).

GenCC classification: Strong.

Phenotypes (Monarch / HPO)

9

Associated phenotypes · MONDO:0007098

  • Cerebral hemorrhage
  • Stroke
  • Amyloid deposition
  • Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Showing 4 of 9 — open Monarch for the full list.

Animal models (Monarch / Alliance)

None returned for this Mondo ID. Empty here is not proof that no model organism work exists under another name or gene.

Monarch fetch 2026-07-29

Therapies

Designations, candidates, and chemicals

FDA OOPD and EMA orphan designations, Open Targets clinical candidates, and CTD chemical associations via MyDisease.info. These never change the interventional-trial headline.

Orphan designation (FDA · EMA)

No designation matched this disease via UMLS or preferred name on the FDA OOPD mirror or EMA orphan register. Absence here is not proof that none exists under another wording.

Open Targets candidates

No drugs or clinical candidates returned for this Mondo ID on Open Targets.

CTD chemicals (MyDisease.info)

No CTD chemical associations returned for this Mondo ID.

Literature

Is anyone studying this?

9,607

9,607 papers — among the better-studied rare conditions, though still a fraction of common-disease literature (breast cancer: over 700,000). Median papers in the last 10 years for a rare disease in this dataset (publications denominator n=3967) is 59.

9,607 papers since the earliest indexed year in this search — median last-10-year count for a rare disease in this dataset is 59 (publications denominator n=3967).

5,744 in the last 10 years · low confidence

Phrase hits: 1,944 · MeSH hits: 0

Open Europe PMC search

Who's working on it?

1,165

Distinct author names in 200 sampled papers — named people below.

Who's working on it?

People publishing on this condition (sampled Europe PMC records). Affiliation is the most recent found in that sample.

  1. 01
    Terwindt GM11 papers · 2025

    Department of Neurology (E.S.v.E., K.K., S.V., G.M.T., M.J.H.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  2. 02
    van Etten ES10 papers · 2026

    Department of Neurology (E.S.v.E., K.K., S.V., G.M.T., M.J.H.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  3. 03
    van Buchem MA9 papers · 2023

    Department of Radiology (M.A.A.v.W., M.A.v.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  4. 04
    Wermer MJH9 papers · 2026

    Department of Neurology (E.S.v.E., K.K., S.V., G.M.T., M.J.H.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  5. 05
    Greenberg SM7 papers · 2025

    From the C.J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI (S.v.R., A.M.v.O., A.G.W., J.v.d.G., M.A.v.B.), Department of Radiology (S.v.R., A.M.v.O., G.L., A.G.W., J.v.d.G., M.A.v.B.), and Department of Neurology (G.M.T., M.J.H.W., H.A.M.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.M.G.).

    Papers in Europe PMC
  6. 06
    van Rooden S6 papers · 2023

    From the C.J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI (S.v.R., A.M.v.O., A.G.W., J.v.d.G., M.A.v.B.), Department of Radiology (S.v.R., A.M.v.O., G.L., A.G.W., J.v.d.G., M.A.v.B.), and Department of Neurology (G.M.T., M.J.H.W., H.A.M.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.M.G.).

    Papers in Europe PMC
  7. 07
    Voigt S6 papers · 2025

    Department of Neurology (E.S.v.E., K.K., S.V., G.M.T., M.J.H.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  8. 08
    Chabriat H5 papers · 2026

    CERVCO, FHU NeuroVasc, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris and Paris University, France (S.G., E.T.-L., H.C.).

    Papers in Europe PMC
  9. 09
    Hakonarson H5 papers · 2026

    Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland, The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Divisions of Human Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.

    Papers in Europe PMC
  10. 10
    Koemans EA5 papers · 2025

    Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

    Papers in Europe PMC

Clinical research

Is a treatment being tested?

1

interventional trials for this specific condition

1 interventional trial matched this specific condition name; none in our sample are currently recruiting.

Data as of 11 September 2026 · last trial check 28 July 2026

1 interventional trial — more than 77.2% of diseases in the trials denominator have none at all (5501 of 7126; this disease is at the 80.1th percentile).

low confidence · 80.1th percentile (trials denominator)

Recruiting interventional trials

From the matched ClinicalTrials.gov set

1 interventional trials matched after quoted-phrase search and title/condition post-filter.

No currently recruiting studies in the matched set. Open the same search on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Other registries (secondary)

Broader net from EU CTIS, ISRCTN, and ICTRP when available — deduped against ClinicalTrials.gov IDs already counted above. Dual-model LLM relevance gates what we keep. These rows are not added to the interventional headline.

raw 0 · after dedupe 0 · already on CT.gov 0 · kept 0 · parent 0 · uncertain 0 · dropped 0 · fetched 2026-07-30

Source notes: ictrp: Error: ICTRP public search unavailable (WHO portal is SPA-only; SOAP needs partnership). Tried: https://apps.who.int/tri

No secondary-registry studies passed dual-model relevance for this condition name (after dedupe).

Where to find support

Condition-specific patient organisations, when Orphanet lists them, are on the disease’s Orphanet page. We also link umbrella groups that support undiagnosed and ultra-rare families.

Orphanet entry for ACys amyloidosis — check Associations / patient organisations on that page.

India — NPRD

Last verified 2026-07-26

This ORPHAcode is not on our curated NPRD list (direct or Mondo-parent match). That does not decide clinical eligibility; families in India should ask a notified Centre of Excellence about current coverage.

Hand-curated for this project. ORPHAcode mappings are best-effort and may be incomplete or imprecise for umbrella categories. Parent (Mondo) matches mean the policy lists a broader category — confirm eligibility with a Centre of Excellence. Financial entitlements summarised from public policy statements and may change. This is not official government guidance.

How we counted this

Europe PMC query (preferred label + any corrected label + Orphanet and Mondo exact synonyms, stoplisted; unioned with resolved MeSH labels when available). UMLS / OMIM / NCIT cross-references are stored on the overview but are not added to the query string.

("ACys amyloidosis" OR "CST3-related amyloidosis" OR "Cystatin amyloidosis" OR "HCHWA, Icelandic type" OR "Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Icelandic type" OR "Hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy" OR "amyloidosis, Cerebroarterial, Icelandic type" OR "cerebral hemorrhage, hereditary, with amyloidosis" OR "hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis" OR "hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis, Icelandic type" OR "hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis") OR ("CST3" OR "CST3 syndrome" OR "CST3-related")

Run this search on Europe PMC

ClinicalTrials.gov query (quoted phrases + MeSH via query.cond, plus recall-expansion terms when used):

"ACys amyloidosis" OR "CST3-related amyloidosis" OR "Cystatin amyloidosis" OR "HCHWA, Icelandic type" OR "Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Icelandic type" OR "Hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy" OR "amyloidosis, Cerebroarterial, Icelandic type" OR "cerebral hemorrhage, hereditary, with amyloidosis" OR "hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis" OR "hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis, Icelandic type" OR "hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis"

Interventional trials matched via: phrase (mesh = registered under a MeSH descriptor no name phrase would catch; recall-expansion = gene / selected parent terms used only for trials).

Study-type breakdown: 1 interventional · 0 observational · 0 expanded access. Only interventional studies enter the trial headline.

Query health: ok — strategies attempted: phrase; with hits: phrase

Run this search on ClinicalTrials.gov

Confidence reasoning

  • Preferred label is multi-word and distinctive
  • No synonyms dropped by stoplist
  • "hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis" also appears on ORPHA:85458
  • Publication count (9607) is implausibly high for prevalence class "<1 / 1 000 000" — treat as possible over-matching, not a measure of research intensity

Ingested 2026-07-27T06:52:29.152Z